F5知识点：环境管理会计

20世纪90年代，美国环境保护协会至早提出环境管理会计。此后，世界上已有30多个国家先后开始推行环境管理会计。环境管理会计信息主要是为组织内部核算和决策服务的，其为内部决策服务的程序既包括材料和能源消耗、流程及至终处置的实物程序，也包括与潜在环境影响活动相关的成本、节约和收益的货币计量程序。

随着社会的发展，越来越多的企业开始关注环境管理，环境管理成本也变得越来越重要。

There are three main reasons why the management of environmental costs is becoming increasingly important in organisations.

First, society as a whole has become more environmentally aware, with people becoming increasingly aware about the ‘carbon footprint’ and recycling taking place now in many countries. A ‘carbon footprint’ (as defined by the Carbon Trust) measures the total greenhouse gas emissions caused directly and indirectly by a person, organisation, event or product. Companies are finding that they can increase their appeal to customers by portraying themselves as environmentally responsible.

Second, environmental costs are becoming huge for some companies, particularly those operating in highly industrialised sectors such as oil production. In some cases, these costs can amount to more than 20% of operating costs. Such significant costs need to be managed.

Third, regulation is increasing worldwide at a rapid pace, with penalties for non-compliance also increasing accordingly. In the largest ever seizure related to an environmental conviction in the UK, a plant hire firm, John Craxford Plant Hire Ltd, had to not only pay £85,000 in costs and fines but also got £1.2m of its assets seized. This was because it had illegally buried waste and also breached its waste and pollution permits. And it’s not just the companies that need to worry. Officers of the company and even junior employees could find themselves facing criminal prosecution for knowingly breaching environmental regulations.

But the management of environmental costs can be a difficult process. This is because first, just as EMA is difficult to define, so too are the actual costs involved. Second, having defined them, some of the costs are difficult to separate out and identify. Third, the costs can need to be controlled but this can only be done if they have been correctly identified in the first place. Each of these issues is dealt with in turn below.

环境管理会计的理论基础

1．可持续发展理论

它强调人类应当通过发展与自然相和谐的方式追求健康而富有生产成果的生活，而不是破坏和污染生态环境来追求发展。可持续发展理论从为人类长远利益的角度赋予了环境管理会计迫切发展的理论基础。

2．经济的外部性理论

外部不经济内部化的主要办法，就是对企业的排污进行收费甚至罚款，这已经被许多国家的政府所采纳并得到实施。外部性理论要求国家制定相应法规规范企业行为，使其承担社会成本，督促其实行环境管理会计。

3．环境资源价值理论

作为国民财富的一部分，环境资源必然有其价值。此理论要求企业重视周围环境的改善，将环境资源作为企业的一项资本对待，从而迫切要求环境管理会计对其价值进行核算。

大量研究证明，企业的环境业绩与财务业绩之间存在着一定的正相关关系。企业把环境目标作为其战略目标后，在不同的实施阶段，通过环境管理会计收集的信息，可对企业的环境业绩及财务业绩进行评价。如决策中综合考虑环境因素，企业改进产品设计，为企业带来多大的环境绩效等。环境管理会计对企业管理进行业绩评价，以促进企业环境管理的自我调整。通过综合考核环境业绩，企业实现可持续战略目标，创造长期的价值。