美国CPA考试FAR考前复习：现金流 cash flow

2018年AICPA考试已经进入第四考季，为帮助广大学员全力冲刺备考，正保会计网校AICPA教学老师特别为学员总结了《财务会计与报告》的常考知识点：现金流——cash flow。祝您在网校学习愉快！考试顺利！

Module 2：Statement of Cash Flows（I）

1. Presentation requirements

● FS must includes Statements of CFs

● Provides information of cash receipts from and cash disbursements to by each activities

● Information of material noncash events also presents

● US. GAAP does not require disclosing cash flow per share

● IFRS does not prohibit presentation of cash flow per share

2. Cash and cash equivalents

● Cash: actual cash （i.e., currency, demand deposits）

● Cash equivalents: short-term liquid investment

● Readily convertible into certain amounts of cash

● So near maturity that the risk of changes in the value because of interest rate changes is insignificant.

e.g. treasury bills;

< 90 days original maturity period high liquid investments

Note: Bank overdraft is not cash under US. GAAP, but can be included in cash under IFRS.

要点一：

现金等价物：

- 高流动性，可快速变现（充分流通的市场）短期票据/投资

- 原始到期日（变现期限）小于90天

- 现金价值金额固定或几乎无价值变动风险

- 公司对现金等价物有明确会计政策，并在FS中充分披露

3. Cash flow statement （CFs）

Statement of CF reconcile cash & cash equivalents from beginning balance to ending balance

Composed by:

● Operating cash flows （CFO）, from transactions reported on the I/S, and current assets and current liabilities.

● Investing cash flows （CFI）, from noncurrent assets.

● Financing cash flows （CFF）, from debt （non-current liabilities） and equity.

● Cash and cash equivalent beginning balance + CFO + CFI + CFF （net increase/decrease in cash）

= cash and cash equivalent ending balance

● Methods of Edit CFO

– The direct method （encourage）

– The indirect method

Direct / Indirect method only different on CFO

The CFI & CFF are the same.

4. Direct method

Convert each major item on I/S into cashable ones

● Present major classes of CFO

e.g. cash received from customer, cash paid to suppliers and employees

● Noncash items do not appear

e.g. Depreciation, amortization, depletion, equity method income

● Reconciliation of NI to CFO is required as a separate schedule under U.S. GAAP.

要点二：

Major CFO items calculation

公式：各项损益表经营性项目+/- 资产负债表项目变化

1） Cash received from customers

= Revenue …………………………Accrual basis

– Receivable increase

+ Receivable decrease

+ Increase in unearned revenue

– Decrease in unearned revenue

2） Cash paid to suppliers

= Cost of goods sold…………………Accrual basis

+ Inventory increase

- Inventory decrease

- AP increase

+ AP decrease

3） Cash paid to employees

= Salaries and wages payable……………Accrual basis

- Wages payable increase

+ Wages payable decrease

4） Other operating cash payments

= Other operating expenses………………Accrual basis

+ Prepaid expense increase

- Prepaid expense decrease

+ Accrued liabilities decrease

- Accrued liabilities increase

Module 2：Statement of Cash Flows（II）

5. Indirect method

■ 5-1 CFO

● Debit balance accounts:

AR, Inventory, Prepaid expense, DTA

● Credit balance accounts :

AP, accrued expense, unearned revenue, DTL

● Non cash expense :

Depreciation , amortization, depletion, allowance/ provision，goodwill impairment

● Non cash income:

Income by payment of property, service, securities, COD.

● None operating Gain/Loss

Remove and analyze actual net receipt from CFO to CFI

e.g. Gain/loss from sales of PP&E or land, should be removed from NI, instead report in CFI the full proceeds received from sales of PP&E or land.

Undistributed earned on entity investment, removed from NI. Report actual dividends received in CFO.

要点三 经营净现金流间接法计算

● 净利润为起点，调整非现金收支和非经营项目

● 非现金收入主要考虑非现金对价的收入, 如对价为实物资产，股权，证券，COD 等

● 非现金支出主要考虑：1）折旧摊销等为满足匹配原则的长期成本回收项目2）为满足谨慎性原则的准备和减值项目

● 将长期资产购置处置，股权投资购置，收益及处置，和融资内容调整至CFI , CFF ，并将其中的非现金部分单独补充说明

● Timing difference 经营性净收入口径由Accrual basis 调整为 Cash basis

调整资产和负债中应计（收现延迟），和预提（付现延迟）项目，及预收（收现提前）和预付（付现提前）项目，以流动性项目为主

● 部分非现金及资产负债项目的分析

如存在坏账核销，由于坏账核销不影响当期净损益但影响AR期末数据，应在NI的非现金AR调整中剔除

债券溢价或折价发行时，cash paid for interest 应考虑损益表项目利息费用 +/- 债券溢价/ 折价的摊销

e.g. Amortization of bond discount has to be added back to net income to get the CFO. （interest paid is in CFO）

利息资本化和非资本化的内容分别计算，资本化部分CFI，非资本化部分CFO

当期折旧费用可以通过B/S累计折旧/净值的变化，剔除PP&E购置或处置带来的折旧/净值变化因素得到。

■ 5-2 CFI

Purchase or sale of non-current assets

e.g. PP&E, Finance assets （available-for-sale, held-to-maturity）, acquiring other entity under acquisition method, loan principle outflow/inflow

■ 5-3 CFF

Transactions regarding non-current liabilities and equity

e.g. Issue stock, bonds, notes, dividends, repurchase, repay principle，treasury stock transaction （note: receipt dividends & interest, paying interest are CFO; Paying dividend are CFF）

■ 5-4 Noncash Invest and Finance activities

要点四：非现金投资和融资行为单独披露，分项说明

Supplemental schedule on noncash investing or financing as they may impact significantly future CF

e.g. Purchase PP&E or entity by issuing stock, notes, or by COD.

● Conversion bond to equity, preferred share to common share as financing activity（从负债转为权益项目）

● Capital lease obligation for acquiring assets

● Noncash assets exchange

要点五 所得税和利息单独披露要求

● Allocation specifically related with investing or financing taxes to CFI/CFF is allowable in IFRS, tax paid separately present in CF is required.

● US GAAP requires income taxes paid and interests paid （ net of amounts capitalized ） be separately presented in CF statement as CFO items, direct method, or disclosed in supplemental disclosure, indirect method

● Cash flow per share should not be reported on the statement of CF under U.S. GAAP, because it may be misleading and may be incorrectly used as a measure of profitability.

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