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正保会计网校特别为美国cpa学员整理了美国cpa考试《财务会计与报告》的内容,以备迎接美国CPA考试,祝您在网校学习愉快!
P对S的投资 | P对S的影响力 | P个别报表上确认为 | 个别报表计量方法 | P+S合并报表 | 对外报送 |
Debt | 几乎无影响 | Trading/AFS/HTM | Cost Method | 此投资不会导致合并要求。不存在合并报表 | P个别报表 |
Equity | 无重大影响 (<20%) | Trading/AFS(Cost method investment) | |||
有重大影响 (20%~50%) | Equity method investment | ||||
Equity Method | |||||
控制性影响 (>50%) | Investment in subsidiaries and VIE entities | 存在 | 合并报表 |
Criteria for classification investor intent | Classify investment as | Carry & report at | Unrealized Gain/loss in | Realized G/L in I/S |
Intend & Ability to HTM (only Debt) | HTM | Amortized cost | N/A | When period is passed, or Sub. Declared or Par. Dispose it, Par. recognize. |
Sell in near term (Debt & Equity) | Trading | FV | I/S | |
All other investment (Debt & Equity) |
AFS/Cost method investment | FV | OCI | |
Hold with significant influence (Only Equity Instrument) | Equity method investment | Net Assets of subsidiary | N/A | When Sub recognize, Par. Recognize |
Hold for control (only Equity instrument) |
Investment in Subsidiaries & VIE entities | Net Assets of subsidiary |
Equity Method and Joint Ventures
Equity Method –Significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the investee.
GR:20–50% of the investee‘s voting stock
SR:Not appropriate even 20%-50%(考点F3-14)
No representation on the Board on Directors
Bankruptcy of subsidiary
Investment in subsidiary is temporary
独断专行的企业大股东(施耐德账面的雷士照明)
A lawsuit or complaint is filed
A standstill agreement is signed
Could not obtain necessary financial information
Initial measurement:XXX-YY-30
Original Cost = FV of the consideration given + legal fees
Dr. Investment in investee
Cr. Cash
Subsequent measurement:XXX-YY-35
Adjust for earning of investee
Dr. /Cr. Investment in investee(B/S)
Cr./Dr. Investment Income/Loss(I/S)
Investee declare dividend
Dr. Dividend Receivable(B/S)
Cr. Investment in investee(B/S)
F3-16 example
Investments in Investee Common Stock(C/S)and Preferred Stock(P/S)
按C/S对investee的influence的程度确认计量。
Investor确认的投资收益包含:
P/S dividends
Share of earnings available to common shareholders.
Differences between the Purchase Price and Book Value of the Investee‘s Net Assets.
Purchase Price=FV of investee
FV of investee=Identifiable assets FV + Unidentifiable assets FV
Identifiable assets FV = identifiable assets NBV + Reevaluate addition
Unidentifiable assets = Goodwill.
Purchase Price= identifiable assets NBV + identifiable asset Reevaluate addition + Goodwill. (F3-16 Pass Key)
例(F3-18 example):为购入40%股权支出30万元,对应的被投资单位PP&E账面净值22万元(还可用10年),公允价值为24万元,除此之外再无其他可辨认资产。则NBV=22,Revaluate addition=24-22=2,Goodwill=30-22-2=6,即30=22+2+6.
Investee不调账。账上只有对应的PP&E 22万,每年折旧2.2万。10年后资产净值为0
如果invertor不对reevaluate addition的2万做调整,则10年后,账上还有可辨认资产净值2万。实际上,此次资产已无任何价值。
由上可见,对investor而言,investee计提的折旧不足。Investor必须计提reevaluate addition的折旧0.2万/年=2万/10年
Dr. Investment income 2000
Cr. Equity method Investment 2000
Goodwill(unidentifiable assets FV) 不做摊销,也不单独做减值测试。Investor必须每年至少一次对此投资做整体减值测试。
(F3-18 example续)一年后investor账面上的此投资净值为[(22)+(2-0.2)+6]+3.6-1.6=31.8万(2.2万设备折旧已包含在small公司净利润3.6万中)。经评估small公司价值70万,则investor整体上对small公司投资计提减值准备3.8万元=31.8-70X40%
Unconsolidated Investment of over 50%
P公司持有S1和S2公司80%的股份。P只是暂时持有S2股份或S2由破产管理人管理时。则:
S1纳入合并范围,S2不纳入合并范围。
合并报表中,P针对S2的投资,以Equity method方法,将资产记录在consolidated B/S-Assets-Equity method investment项下
合并报表中,P针对S1的投资,“BIG in car”抵销后,以各类资产、负债、收入、费用的形式记录在合并财务报表中。
Comparison of cost and equity methods (F3-19)
Cost method, No significant influence,recognize revenue when investee declared the dividend.
Equity method, significant influence,recognize revenue when investee earned the income.
扩展:Cost/Equity method收入确认时点背后的逻辑
Revenue recognized when earned and realizable.
When investee recognize revenue,investor earned it.
If no significant influence,investor can not influence the timing of benefit flow in. So revenue is not realizable until declared.Thus DECLARE is recognize point for cost method.(苹果公司连续19年未分红)
If significant influence,investor can influence the timing of benefit flow in.So revenue is realizable immediately after investee recognize it.Thus investee recognized point is also investor recognize point.
Joint Venture accounting(与REG和实务勾稽)
Using the Equity method
A joint venture is a term often used to denote a one-shot general partnership-type relation. If Mary and John agreed to work together to provide full-menu service for JUST a single,big dinner,they might be said to have formed a joint venture. Joint ventures are governed by general partnership law.为一个具体项目所成立,项目完成后即解散的合伙企业。
Step-by-step acquisition(still not consolidate)
Change from cost method to equity method
Change in accounting principle(F1-30 III.A.)
Retrospective adjustment
Apply the new method(Equity method)to the prior period‘s old percentage(<20%)
NOT apply the new percentage to the prior period.
F3-21 Example
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