ࡱ>     #` Rebjbjmm<p"<<<<j SVVV8N]:ĈĈĈ$th@e<<ĈĈ4Fwww<8ĈĈwwwRtĈ~ 8:bV/\0p<JL wN3  jN]N]N]d}N]N]N]Tf <<<<<< 2008t^Ly~T{|YePgeXRQ[ ,{NR ͋Gl y $N{ ͋Glf[`N 1 Will you please call my husband as soon as possible? A)contact B)consult C)phone D)visit 2. We ll give every teacher space to develop. A)chance B)employment C)room D)opportunity 3. I have to go at once. A)soon B)immediately C)now D)early 4. The policeman asked him to identify the thief. A)name B)distinguish C)capture D)separate 5. We were all there when the accident occurred. A)happened B)broke C)spread D)appeared 6. It took me exactly a week to complete the work. A)do B)achieve C)improve D)finish 7. The herb medicine eventually cured her disease. A)nicely B)apparently C)finally D)naturally 8. We had a long conversation about her parents. A)talk B)speech C)debate D)discussion 9. Please let me know if you are unable to attend the meeting. A)go to B)prepare for C)speak to D)do to 10. They have made up his mind to give up smoking. A)tried B)attempt C)agreed D)decided 11.Your teacher will take you illness into account when making your exams. A)calculation B)computation C)consideration D)assessment 12. We have to put up with her behavior. A)tolerate B)accept C)swallow D)take 13. They have given up the hope to save their friend from drowning. A) ended B) abandoned C) built D)strengthen 14. I seldom watch TV. A) rarely B) frequently C) normally D) occasionally 15. The dentist has decided to take out the girl's bad tooth. A) dig B) draw C) pull D) extract T{Hh 1. C 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. A 6. D 7. C 8. A 9. A 10. D 11.A 12.A 13.B 14.A 15.D ͋Gl~`N6 *1. With immense relief, I stopped running. A) much B) enormous C) little D) extensive *2. The scientists began to accumulate a huge mass of data. A) build up B) put up C) make up D) clear up *3. When Jack eventually overtook the last truck he pulled over to the inside lane. A) skipped B) passed C) reached D) led *4. Because of the popularity of the region, it is advisable to book hotels in advance. A) possible B) profitable C) easy D) wise *5. Data from Voyager II have presented astronomers with a puzzle about why our outermost planet exists. A) problem B) mystery C) question D) point *6. He rolled up his trouser leg to exhibit his wounded knee. A) spread B) open C) show D) examine *7. Why can't you stop your eternal complaining! A) everlasting B) long C) monotonous D) lengthy *8. This poem depicts the beautiful scenery of a small town in the South. A) describes B) draws C) writes D) introduces *9. The telephone system is no longer operative. A) running B) moving C) rotating D) working *10. Hundreds of buildings were wrecked by the earthquake A) shaken B) fallen C) damaged D) trembled *11. The latest car model embodies many new improvements. A) consists of B) includes B) makes up D) marks *12. Thick clouds obscured the stars from view.. A) darkened B) held C) blackened D) prevent *13. The parents have to restrain their daughter from running out into the street. A) disallow B) reduce C) prevent D) confine *14. The discovery was sensational. A) sexy B) surprising C) exceptional D) exciting *15. After supper we usually take a stroll around the park for about an hour. A) walk B) rest C) bath D) breath T{Hh 1. B 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. B 6. C 7. A 8. A 9. D 10. C 11.B 12.D 13.C 14.D 15.A ,{NR $Re ,{N{ A New Start After Christmas comes the anti-Christmas. If the festive season is all about filing up on the things you like that are bad for you, then the new year is the detox season' - when people across the western world adopt special diets to lose weight and get rid of the vague feeling that they have spent the last few weeks poisoning themselves. But are detox diets really necessary? After all, the body itself gets rid of unwanted substances. That's what the liver and kidney are for. "The detox fad - or fads, as there are many methods - is an example of the capacity of people to believe in and pay for magic despite the lack of any sound evidence1," says Martin Wiseman, professor of human nutrition at the University of Southampton in the UK. Most of the pills, juices, teas and oils that are sold for their detoxifying effects on the body have no scientific foundation for their claims, according to the research. People would be better off having a glass of water and going to bed early. Detox diets may be magic rather science, but they are the kind of magic which many people want to perform. That may have something to do with the westen diet in general. Scientists and dieticians argue that the benefits people feel are not due to their body getting rid of excessive toxins but are due to changing from what is likely to have been a 'poor' diet. Having fewer headaches, for example, is probably the result of being fully hydrated due to drinking so much water and better skin may be due to eating more fruit and vegetables. Detox diets may also be dangerous, as they may deprive vulnerable groups pregnant women, for instance, or growing teenagers - of the kind of nutrients they need. Yet their popularity continues to rise. This may be something to do with the way that food works within many western cultures2. Generally, a country's food develops along with its economy and society. Food becomes part of a person's cultural identity. In some countries, this link has been broken. In the UK, for example, rapid industrialization in the 18th and 19th centuries saw millions of people move from the countryside to the towns interrupting the development of a national cuisine. The United States, a country of immigrants from many different places, has found it hard to develop a national cuisine: In both places, comparatively few people cook for themselves and food supply is .dominated by big processing and agribusiness companies. Detox diets are more popular in these countries than in places like France and Italy, where strong links between food and national culture remain, and where far more people regularly cook for themselves instead of buying processed foods. Perhaps detox diets are successful because many westerners have lost mast in what they eat. On the other hand, they may help re-introduce people to the kind of food that is necessary for a healthy diet. And after learning that, they won't poison themselves in the first place. This would mean radical changes in the way that people eat across the west. And that would be an unwelcome development for the food industry. From the business point of view, it is much better to sell people the problem and then sell them the solution. ͋Gl Detox v. & n. k0Sk fad n.Θ\ dietician n.nߘf[[ hydrate v.4lS O8T4l cuisine n. pj/g agribusiness n. QN~T~% lʑ 1. the capacity of people to believe in and pay for magic despite the lack of any sound evidenceNN(W:ONncv`Q NvOTl v^?aa:NKNNQNNv`N'` 2. This may be something to do with the way that food works within many western cultures. ُSTߘir(WYeeS-Nv0WMO gsQ0be something to do with T have something to do with TIN0 ~`N 1. Detox begins after Christmas when people think that they have been overeating during the Christmas season and have taken in many substances that are bad for their health. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 2. Many pregnant women and growing teenagers are suffering from mal-nutrition because of the detox-diets they take. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 3. Both the UK and the USA lack a national cuisine as a result of similar historical development. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 4. The French and the Italians cook for themselves more often than the British and the Americans, which helps them to keep the link between food and their culture. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 5. On the whole the eastern people like the Chinese and the Japanese have a stronger link between their food and their culture than the western people. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 6. A positive effect of detox diets is that it helps people to see what foods are good for their health. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 7. Food industry would make even greater profits if people should all start to eat healthy foods and stop poisoning themselves. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 1. AُS݋ck/fez,{Nkva`0#Wދ'YT'YU et^N_YNN1\_YlQ v^md(WǏSQhT̑T NN N)ReP^v gkir(vuQ0 2. B ez̑0Rnߘu gqSi gSOU[YTck(WSOvR\t^%{Q N NǏُ*N`Qv^l gwckSu0 3. B ُS݋vMRJSS/f[v $NV:ONxQWvnߘFOTJSS݋ N[ bُy`QvSV$NV N T V/f]NSv~g VR/fylV[v~g0 4. A (WezvPpe,{ Nk̑v_nZi0 5. Cez-Nl gcSNeeSv`Q0 6. A T{Onc(WPpe,{Nk nߘ[f0ReNvgc V:NNN[]TvN]~1YSO_0FOSǏeg nߘS gRN͑eTNNN~N[NyeP^vnߘeg/f_vߘir0 7. B T{Onc(WgTNk̑ ߘT]Nv^ N ^gNNTeP^ߘT V:NHQb gv NeP^vߘTVS~'Y[T 6qTQb㉳Qvnߘe_c~'Y[ ߘT]NSN$Nv)R0 ,{ASN{ Will Hillary Be the Next American President? Back in 1969, US President Richard Nixon confidently predicted: "In the next 50 years, we shall see a woman president, perhaps sooner than you think.1 Today, not too far off Nixon's deadline, America is looking at that possibility. Over the weekend, Hillary Rodham Clinton, wife of former president Bill Clinton, announced her run for 2008 presidency. US polls indicate that Americans feel comfortable with a female president. A New York Times survey found nearly all Americans saying they would vote for president if she were qualified. However, accepting the theoretical notion of a female leader is quite different from voting an actual woman. In fact, there is still widespread distrust of a woman in the top position. This is partly due to the biased thinking that women are weak on national security, though they might be strong on education and health care. This damages their prospects as a presidential contender. "There's still an inherent nervousness on the part of voters putting a woman in as the ultimate decision-maker. Control of the army and border security are sorts of traditionally male jobs," commented Amy Walter, an American campaign analyst. That's where I think voters consciously or unconsciously have difficulties with women candidates." Women have held the top job in other major Western countries. In 1979, Britain elected Margaret Thatcher prime minister. Last year, Germany made Angela Merkel its first female chancellor. In the US, no woman has succeeded in being nominated as a presidential candidate. One woman did make the attempt: Elizabeth Dole. In 1999, she tried to get the Republican Party nomination. But Dole could only raise $ 5 million for her bid - compared with the $ 56 million George W. Bush raised. So Barriers lie ahead for Hillary if she wants to make history by becoming the first female US president. With the Iraqi war underway, she'll find it even harder. "I don't feel that our society is ready for a woman president. The enemy we face does not respect females the same way we have come to see them as equals. If we were not in this war, I would support a woman president2, said Chris Dildy, a computer engineering student. ͋Gl Bias v. & n. ( g) OP analyst n. Rg]\O Chancellor n. (_V0eY0W)RI{);`t lʑ 1.0"In the next 50 years, we shall see a woman president, perhaps sooner than you think." (W NN*NNASt^̑ bN\O wN*NsY;`~ bkbN`v_N0 2.0If we were not in this war, I would support a woman president. YgbN N(WSbN:WbN bO/ec NMOsY;`~v0 ~`N 1. Up to the present, no woman has been elected president in the US. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 2. Bill Clinton will strongly support Hillary to run for the 2008 presidency. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 3. American people will elect a woman president of the United States in 2008. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 4. One of Hillary's campaign promises is to reform the nation's health care system. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 5. Germans elected a woman chancellor last year. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 6. Hillary has already raised a large amount of campaign fund. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 7. Chris Dildy will vote for Hillary. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned T{HhN 1. A0SP[v/fďN:Nbk(WVl gN*NsYN >N:N;`~0 A0ezv,{N*NSP[/fُHNv Back in 1969, US President Richard Nixon confidently predicted: "In the next 50 years, we shall see a woman president, perhaps sooner than you think."e(W1969t^ V;`~Richard Nixon _ gO_0WKm (W NN*NNASt^̑ bN\O wN*NsY;`~ bkbN`v_N0 2. C0SP[v/f: Bill Clinton \:_R/ecHillary SR 2008t^;`~ >N0ezl gc0R0Vdk C 3. B0SP[v/fVNl(W2008t^\ NMOsY;`~ ُ*N}T/fv0ez,{Vk/fُHNv:However, accepting the theoretical notion of a female leader is quite different from voting an actual woman. In fact, there is still widespread distrust of a woman in the top position.6q cSsY;`~\O:NN*Nti_ߍ >NsY;`~/f$NVN0N[ N NNN6qnfM NONsYNNv0 4. C0SP[v/fHillaryvN*Nz /f9eiV[v;Su6R^0ez0RsYNZPYeT;Suebv]\O gOR FOlHillaryvN*Nz /f9eiV[v;Su6R^0 5. A0SP[v/f_VSt^ NN*NsY;`t0ez,{Nk gُHNNS݋Last year, Germany made Angela Merkel its first female chancellor.St^ _V >NNAngela Merkel:N_V,{NMOsY;`t0VdkSP[hv}T/fcknxv0 6. C0SP[v/f Hillary]~y{Ɩ0RNN'Y{z >k0ezl gc0R0 7. B0SP[v/f: Chris Dildy b Hillary vhy0NezvgTNS݋bNwSChris Dildy /fN*N{:g] zNNvf[u NNُHNNS݋If we were not in this war, I would support a woman president.YgbN N(WSbN:WbN bO/ec NMOsY;`~v0a`1\/f s(W N/ec0 ,{ASN{ Lower Body Fat Means Better Performance These days, fashion models and pop stars are not the only people who have to watch their waistline. Football players who miss a few kicks and let their belly hanging out a little too much are likely to be attacked by rabid fans or even the president of a country1. The latest football star to draw the attention of the "fat police" is Barcelona's Ronaldinho,26. Last Friday, a Spanish sports daily published two photos of the Brazilian star without his shirt. One was taken in November 2003; the other was taken this month. In the most recent one the star's waistline seems to have a little extra padding2. Another Spanish sports daily published similar before-and-aider photos and argued that the star has "lost his explosiveness and velocity" and is worn out". The cause, according to the news paper, is his poor physical fitness. However, the player's coach, Frank Rijkaard, insists that he's satisfied with Ronaldinho's form and fitness. And after Barcelona's victory over Athletic Bibao on Sunday, Ronaldinho challenged photographers to take pictures of him when he took off his shirt. "I don't have anything to hide," he said. Fellow Brazilian Ronaldo, 30, of Real Madrid, faced similar criticism before the 2006 World Cup. But the criticism didn't come from a bunch of sports reporters: It came from the president of Brazil. "So, what is it?" Brazil's President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva asked the national soccer team's coach in his office last June, according to the Associated Press. "Is he [Ronaldo] fat or not?" "He is very strong, president," Carlos Alberto Parreira reportedly said at the time. "He is not that boy anymore, His body type has changed." The game of footfall demands that players put as much emphasis on fitness as they can do on dribbling, passing or shooting. During a proper training regimen, football players normally follow a load-fatigue-recovery pattern3. They push their body toward a higher mark of fitness and experience a slight and brief drop in performance. Then they begin the recovery process, which will ideally carry their performance to an even higher plane. However, sometimes non-physical factors can influence a player's poor fitness. In Ronaldinho's case, for instance, people - often unnamed - have blamed everything from the pressure of contract negotiations to personal problems and too many advertising commitments. ͋Gl Rabid adj.OPov padding n.X velocity n.^ dribble v. Џt regimen n. 8^ĉ~ lʑ 1.0Football players who miss a few kicks and let their belly hanging out a little too much are likely to be attacked by rabid fans or even the president of a country.tЏRXTl g"-NQ*Ntb/fNNvP[7b_ zYNN OS0Rurvtu/fV[;`~v4#0 2.0In the most recent one, the star's waistline seems to have a little extra padding. (WgяvN _gqGȓ ُ*NtfvpV Nf:yNR '`~NmvRϑ0VdkC/f[v0 3. D0,{Vkv,{N*NSP[/fُHNv: However, creative industries account for only about 4 percent of UK's exports of goods and services. 6q R '`LNv'irT gRQSS`Sw*NVvQSv~vRKNV]S0SR '`~Nm؏/f_1_v0;Naُ/f;NS0 4. B0,{Vkv,{N*NSP[/fُHNv: In fact, it might be better to call Britain a"servant" economy- there are at least 4 million people "in service". [E N bVv~NmSZP gR~Nmfp`S_NN  V:N\ gV~vNN(WZP gR'`]\O0ُ_N/f;NS0Vdk B0 5. C0,{Nk0RN(WN)YvwƋ~NmeN T*NV[uX[N]v:_y0Vdk to feed its people {Q;m]vNl0 6. F0,{NkvgT$NS݋/fُHNv: But can all this talking keep the British economy going? The British government thinks it can. FO/f @b gُHN݋Vv~NmЏlTV?e^:N/fSNv0S V?e^}YPv^ Nb_Vv~Nm0@bNF/f[v0 7. E0ُ*NSN,{Vk-NvN*NSP[ SP[/fُHNv: The industries are finding it hard to make a profit, according to a report of the National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts. 9hncV[yf[0b/gTz/gPc`YXTOvNNbJT ُNR '`LN(W_)Rm N_V0 8. B0v/fYkNuǖcOSZPNHN;m,{Nk gُHNN*NSP[Many graduates are even doing menial jobs for which they do not need a degree.YkNuu(WZP Nf[MOvNNv݋0NNv݋/f^\NNOb/gv;m VdkB/fcknxv0 ,{VR t  Nbvwe0k{wevTb gN*N k*N gV*NY T{Hh09h ncwevQ[ bgsOT{Hh0 ,{N{ Eat Healthy "Clean your plate!" and "Be a member of the clean-plate club1!" Just about every kid in the US has heard this from a parent or grandparent. Often, it's accompanied by an appeal: "Just think about those starving orphans in Africa2!'' Sure, we should be grateful for every bite of food. Unfortunately, many people in the US take too many bites3. Instead of staying "clean the plate, perhaps we should save some food for tomorrow. According to news reports, US restaurants are partly, to blame for the growing bellies. A waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer, with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story4. Americans traditionally associate quantity with value and most restaurants try to give them that. They prefer to have customers complain about too much food rather than too little. Barbara Rolls, a nutrition professor at Pennsylvania State University, told USA Today that restaurant portion sizes began to grow in the 1970s, the same time that the American waistline began to expand. Health experts have tried to get many restaurants to serve smaller portions. Now, apparently, some customers are calling for this too. The restaurant industry trade magazine QSR reported last month that 57 percent of more than 4,000 people surveyed believe restaurants serve portions that are too large; 23 percent had no opinion; 20 percent disagreed. But a closer look at the survey indicates that many Americans who can't afford fine dining still prefer large portions. Seventy percent of those earning at least $150,000 per year prefer smaller portions; but only 45 percent of those earning less than $25,000 want smaller. It's not that working class Americans don't want to eat healthy. It's just that, after long hours at low-paying jobs, getting less on their plate hardly seems like a good deal5. They live from paycheck to paycheck, happy to save a little money for next year's Christmas presents. ͋Gl Orphan n. d[?Q nutrition n. %{Q paycheck n. ё/ehy belly n. P[ waistline n.pV lʑ 1. Be a member of the clean-plate club! ZPnvOPN萄vbXT 2. Just think about those starving orphans in Africa! S``(W^2m(cvd[?QN 3. take too many bitesT_*YY 4. A waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer, with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. 9hnc 0NeV 0 R{vvN*NEeN gRXT~k*N~[Nvm܃ vQϑ/f?e^cPvNV P0 5. It's just that, after long hours at low-paying jobs, getting less on their plate hardly seems like a good deal.N`/fُ7hv V]Nɉ_ZPY*N\eNO6eeQv]y Neg vP[̑vm܃ϑ\ gp NT{0 ~`N 1. Parents in the United States tend to ask their children A) to save food. B) to wash the dishes. C) not to waste food. D) not to eat too much. 2. Why do American restaurants serve large portions? A) Because Americans associate quantity with value B) Because Americans have big bellies. C) Because Americans are good eaters. D) Because Americans are greedy. 3. What happened in the 1970s? A) The US government recommended the amount of food a restaurant gave to a customer. B) Health experts persuaded restaurants to serve smaller portions. C) The United States produced more grain than needed. D) The American waistline started to expand. 4. What does the survey indicate? A) Many poor Americans want large portions. B) Twenty percent Americans want smaller portions. C) Fifty seven percent Americans earn $150,000 per year. D) Twenty three percent Americans earn less than $25;000 per year. 5. Which of the following is Not true of working class Americans? A) They work long hours. B) They live from paycheck to paycheck. C) They don't want to be healthy eaters. D) They want to save money for their children. T{HhN 1. C0v/fV6rk;`/fSNNvi[P[r^NHNez_4Y0R k*NVi[P[N6rkb7r7rvYvY̑,T0Rُ7hv݋  TIQ`OvP[̑vN  ZPnvOPN萄vbXT 0ُN݋hva`1\/f Njm9|ߘ0VdkC/fcknxvT{Hh0 2. A0v/f Vm:NNHNm܃~_Y,{NkvsQv݋/fُHNvVN(W O~ NbN

eAmLLkf vv/fjrg~NbS >e_Rc0 5. D0NhQeeg w S Y,T TN*Nf[,TNuvq_T g_tebv _N gutebv0 ,{NAS N{ The Only Way Is Up Think of a modem city and the first image that come to mind is the skyline. It is full of great buildings, pointing like fingers to heaven. It is true that some cities don't permit buildings to go above a certain height. But these are cities concerned with the past. The first thing any city does when it wants to tell the world that it has arrived is to build skyscrapers. When people gather together in cities, they create a demand for land. Since cities are places where money is made, that demand can be met. And the best way to make money out of city land is to put as many people as possible in a space that covers the smallest amount of ground. That means building upwards. The technology existed to do this as early as the 19th century. But the height of buildings was limited by one important factor. They had to be small enough for people on the top floors to climb stairs. People could not be expected to climb a mountain at the end of their journey to work, or home. Elisha Otis, a US inventor, was the man who brought us the lift - or elevator, as he preferred to call it. However, most of the technology is very old. Lifts work using the same pulley system the Egyptians used to create the Pyramids. What Otis did was attach the system to a steam engine and develop the elevator brake, which stops the lift falling if the cords that hold it up are broken. It was this that did the most to gain public confidence in the new invention1. In fact, he spent a number of years exhibiting lifts at fairgrounds, giving people the chance to try them out before selling the idea to architects and builders. A lift would not be a very good theme park attraction now. Going in a lift is such an everyday thing that it would just be boring. Yet psychologists and others who study human behavior find lifts fascinating. The reason is simple. Scientists have always studied animals in zoos. The nearest they can get to that with humans is in observing them in lifts2. "It breaks all the usual conventions about the bubble of personal space3 we carry around with us -- and you just can't choose to move away," says workplace psychologist, Gary Fitzgibbon. Being trapped in this setting can create different types of tensions, he says. Some people are scared of them. Others use them as an opportunity to get close to the boss. Some stand close to the door. Others hide in the comers. Most people try and shrink into the background. But some behave in a way that makes others notice them. There are a few people who just stand in a comer taking notes. Don't worry about them. They are probably from a university. ͋Gl Skyline n.zz-Nn^~ pulley n.nn fairground n.Ɩ^:W0W bubble n.{^`0Y` tension n.'} _ lʑ 1. It was this that did the most to gain public confidence in the new invention.ck/fُNp(Wb_lQO[eSfvO_ NwNg'Yv\O(u0,g@\O(uN:_SWIt is& that& :_v/fthis @bcNv/f Ne-N@bvOtisSfN5uh9RfvN0 2. The nearest they can get to that with humans is in observing them in lifts. NN[N@bZPvgcяNdkvN1\/f(W5uh̑‰[NN0S-Nv that cv/f NNS-Nc0Rvyf[[Nv[RirV̑vRirۏL‰[0 3. about the bubble of personal space gsQyNzzv{^` ~`N 1. "...these are cities concerned with the past" in the first paragraph refer to cities that A) are worried about their past. B) have a glorious past to be proud of. C) want to maintain their traditional image. D) are very interested in their own history. 2. The difficulty in constructing tall buildings in the 19t~ century lies in A) the shortage of money. B) the lack of a device to carry people upward. C) backward technology. D) mountains taking up land space. 3. When Otis came up with the idea of a lift, A) he sold it to the architects and builders immediately B) the Egyptians used it to build the Pyramids. C) it was accepted favorably by the public. D) most people had doubt about its safety. 4. Which of the following best describes the experience of going in a lift now? A) Fascinating. B) Uninteresting. C) Frightening. D) Exciting. 5. Psychologists find the lift a good place where they can study human behaviour because A) here humans behave the way animals do. B) people in a lift are all scared. C) here some people take notes. D) in a lift the bubble of personal space breaks. T{HhN 1. C0be concerned with/f sQ_0sQl va`~ScdBTD$N*N y 9hncMRbNS݋, these cities /fcN NAQ^Q{irQN[ؚ^vW^ sS N?aa9eSV gb_avW^0 2. B0,gT{HhvOnc(W,{ Nk0e-Ne(W19N~^ ؚ|ivb/g]~X[(W P6R|iؚvV }S gN*N 1\/fNN NsV[T N`a,rq\7hS,r|ih fS_e؏l g~b0RbN_ؚYvRl0 3. D0T{Hh(W,{Vk0 Otis Sfv9RfONN[ُ*Nesa?QXRNO_ N(W8nPN:W̑'Y[ՋXNNQt^Mbbُ*N`lQ.U~^Q{^T% FU0 4. B0s(W5uh]~ASRnf l gNOɉ_XN5uh/fN}YsvN0 5. D05uhvzzr\ v[b$c NN`N gyNzzvBl(Wُ̑bN{^` Y TsQ(WRirVv<{P[̑vRirN, ُ:N_tf[[cONN*Nxvz(Wُy`Q NNvL:Nv_v:gO0 ,{ NASmQ{ A Tale of Scottish Rural Life Lewis Grassic Gibbon's Sunset Song (1932) was voted "the best Scottish novel of all time" by Scottish's reading public in 20051Once considered shocking for its frank description of aspects of the lives of Scotland's poor rural farmers, it has been adapted for stage, film, TV and radio in recent decades. The novel is set on the fictional estate of Kinraddie, in the farming country of the Scottish northwest in the years up to and beyond World War I. At its heart is the story of Chris, who is both part of the community and a little outside it. Grassic Gibbon gives us the most detailed and intimate account of the life of his heroine. We watch her grow through a childhood dominated by her cruel but hard-working father; experience tragedy (her mother's suicide and murder of her twin children); and learn about her feelings as she grows into woman. We see her marry, lose her husband then marry again. Chris has seemed so convincing a figure to some female readers that they cannot believe that she is the creation of a man2. But it would be misleading to suggest that this book is just about Chris. It is truly a novel of a place and its people. Its opening section tells of Kinraddie's long history, in a language that imitates the place's changing patterns of speech and writing. The story itself is amazingly full of characters and incidents. It is told from Chris' point of view but also from that of the gossiping community, a community where everybody knows everybody else's business and nothing is ever forgotten. Sunset Song has a social theme too. It is concerned with what Grassic Gibbon perceives as the destruction of traditional Scottish rural life first by modernization and then by World War 1. Gibbon tried hard to show how certain characters resist the war. Despite this, the war takes the young men away, a number of them to their deaths. In particular, it takes away Chris' husband, Ewan Tavendale. The war finally kills Ewan, but not in the way his widow is told. In fact, the Germans aren't responsible for his death, but his own side. He is shot because he is said to have run away from a battle. If the novel is about the end of one way of life it also looks ahead. It is a "Sunset Song" but is concerned too with the new Kinraddie, indeed of the new European world. Grassic Gibbon Went on to publish two other novels about the place that continue its story. ͋Gl Amazingly adv.NNT`0W lʑ 1.0Lewis Grassic Gibbon's Sunset Song (1932) was voted "the best Scottish novel of all time" by Scottish's reading public in 2005. Lewis Grassic Gibbon v 0e=Lk 0(1932 t^) (W2005t^ςyOO~bN&^egTNKNMR g}Y N%`@wdbpvb/g SN[bpb/gvSU\/f gOYuv0 ,{VASV{ Who (Doesn't) Let the Dogs Bark? For the past year, Cornelia Czarnecki said, the barking of her neighbor's German shepherd1 has awakened her repeatedly at 4 a.m. The dog often barks for hours at a time, said Mrs. Czarnecki, a Clifton2 resident. "That dog is out there barking day and night, and we don't know what to do anymore," she said. Mrs. Czarnecki became so upset about the dog that she filed a municipal complaint3 against him under the town's general noise ordinance. The case is set to be heard in municipal court on August 6. Complaints like the ones Mrs. Czarnecki lodged with the police4 and city officials led the Clifton City Council to draft an ordinance that could result in fines for residents whose dogs are "barking, howling, crying" or making any other loud noises for more than 30 minutes in an hour. "I can't wait," Mrs. Czarnecki said. The council took up the ordinance for a first reading on Tuesday; a final vote is scheduled on August 8. "It's a quality of life issue," said Councilman Frank C. Fusco, who introduced the measure. Clifton is far from alone in seeking to silence noisy dogs. At-least 144 of New Jersey's municipalities have laws that address whining and barking5, according to a municipal ordinance database online at www.generalcode.com. In New York, at least 30 towns in Nassau and Suffolk Counties have similar laws, as do about 25 towns in Westchester County. Connecticut has a statewide law barring dogs that are a "nuisance" because of "excessive barking or other disturbance." Many of the ordinances in the region are general prohibitions against excessive whining or barking. In Westchester, the City of New Rochelle ran into trouble with its law in 1997 after a resident challenged a citation. A city judge ruled that the ordinance was unconstitutionally vague6 because it did not include details about time of day and duration of barking, and the city changed the law in 1998. "Many of these ordinances go back to the 1800s," said the New Rochelle corporation counsel, Bernis Shapiro. "They're just carried forward and they don't get changed until an issue comes up." In May 2006, Hillsborough Township in Somerset County passed an ordinance to specifically address barking, but no complaints have been filed since then, said Lt. Bill Geary of the Hillsborough Police Department. Other New Jersey towns, including Bloomsbury in Hunterdon County and Manville in Somerset, considered such ordinances but withdrew them after residents complained that they would be unenforceable. As for those who contend that a barking dog should be a low priority, Councilman Fusco said, "If the dog was next to your house, you'd sing a different song." Mr. Fusco said he was confident that the ordinance proposed in Clifton would be supported by his fellow council members. At the same time, he knows that some residents may object. But David Axelrod, a groomer at Furrs N Purrs on Valley Road, said he did not think the measure was tough enough. "Thirty minutes is extremely generous," he said. "There is no reason why a dog should be barking that long." The ordinance says barking must be sustained to be illegal, and it bans excessive barking only from 10 p.m. to 7 a.m. Under the ordinance, a, resident complains to the City Health Department, which sends a warning note. If the barking continues, the resident takes the complaint to municipal court, where fines can start at $250. Before a court date, the city would most likely try to resolve the matter through mediation, said the city attorney, Matthew T. Priore. Last year about a dozen warning letters were sent to residents about their barking dogs, Clifton officials said. Currently, residents can complain about barking under the city's general noise ordinance, but they have to essentially prosecute the case in municipal court themselves, Mr. Fusco said. Under the proposed ordinance, residents would appear as a witness in a case presented by the municipal prosecutor. "The new ordinance has some bite to it," Mr. Fusco said. Eric M. Zwerling, director of the Rutgers University Noise Technical Assistance Center, trains police officers on noise complaints and writes municipal noise codes. "One of the things I say to the officers I train is that if people were fundamentally civil to each other, we'd all be out of work," he said. Mr. Zwerling, the owner of a chocolate Labrador named Bosco, said he had his own appreciation of the barking problem. "A dog is barking for one of two reasons -- either it needs attention or it is trying to alert you to something," he said. "In either case, you should be attending to7 it." ͋Gl municipal adj. ^?ev ordinance n. lN N agO howl vi. VS `W lʑ 1. Much0gold0and0silver0drift dissolved in the waters of the sea, too. ؏ g N\ёTvoAmirn(Wwm4l̑0 2. Dumping garbage into the ocean is killing off sea life. bW>W_'Ywm̑>PP1\/f(Wbwm muir@g~mp=\0 ~`N A. Natural sponges become cleaning aids. B. We pollute the ocean when we use it as a garbage dump. C. The area of the sea is becoming smaller and smaller. D. Along with salt, other minerals ~.re left after evaporation. E. We even use their bones for fertilizer. F. Some of its contents may cause illness. T{HhN 1. E0MRbNSNbNN'YwmUcIc'Yϑv|ONNߘ(u ُSc@w􋲋 uޏ|v4Y_N(uegZPS 0Evenُ*N͋(Wُ̑nZi0Wh:yNُ$NS݋vsQ|0 2. D0ُS݋vMRNSv/fbNSNǏ4lvSNwm4l-N_0RNywir(  v ُS݋RdNvKNY 4lSNT؏ g+Rvwir(Yu Neg0 3. A0MRb0RNdNwir(Y 'Ywm؏~NbNss0wmbTwmIُ N7hN0c@w\OR+R(uNS݋egfkN7hNv(u0HQNss gTv/fwmI YNُ-NvNS^/fwm~v(uN0 4. F0MRNS݋NbN NUwm4l ُS݋ʑN:NNHN NU _6q0 5. B0MRbNS݋(ugarbageN*NUS͋ gR0WVT{N bN~N'YwmNHN ُ*N&^ g#v ُS݋R/f[ُ*N{USVT{vwQSOʑ0 ,{ASN{ Crop Circle Mysteries They are giant geometric patterns, which appear over-night in a field of crops. Many people0believe that they are made by aliens.000(1)000 "Crop circle", as the mysterious patterns0are called, became a hot phrase this month. 000(2)000 It's believed to be the world's first three-dimensional crop circle.The0giant crop circle gives an impression of looking down on skyscrapers from above. 000(3) 000Crop circles were first widely noticed in the late 1970s as many mysterious circles began appearing-in crop fields throughout the English countryside. People were intrigued by these giant patterns. They were huge (at least tens of meters in diameters) and popped up over-night2. (4)000 Various scientific and pseudo-scientific explanations were put forward to explain the phenomenon. Some hold that they were left by alien spaceships. Others say that they are simply an elaborate prank3. 000(5) 000To date, thousands of circles have been discovered all over the globe, from the former Soviet Union to Japan to Canada. ~`N A0 A strange pattern 360 feet (110 meters) in diameter was discovered earlier this month in a wheat field in Oxfordshire, England. B 0Others call them hoaxes. C 0No one knew how or by whom they were made. D 0The design's discovery immediately generated a new tide of public interest in this mysterious phenomenon. E 0Farmers often make crop circles for fun. F 0But rather than discovering the truth, people saw increasingly complicated circles appear worldwide. T{HhN 1. B0 yB/f: Others call them hoaxes.vQNNbNNSZP@\0MRbNS݋/fMany people believe that they are made by aliens.YNvO[N/fYfNdv0manTothers gN[vsQT'`0Vdk B0 2. A0'}vQTvSP[/fIt's believed to be the world's first three-dimensional crop circle. [:N/fNLu N,{N*N N~v\OirW0N͋(Wُ̑/fN*Ngq^͋ A strange pattern 360 feet (110 meters) in diameter/fTv0VdkA/fcknxv0 3. D0 Ne/fThe giant crop circle gives an impression of looking down on skyscrapers from above.ُ*N]'Yv\OirW~NNNyN NT N wid)Y'Y|ivpSa0ُN(WZPirCgv Wb0VdkkXeQD/fgTv0Dv/fThe design's discovery immediately generated a new tide of public interest in this mysterious phenomenon.ُNvSssS;RubNN*N'Y[sQlُN^yysavejmno0 4.C0 Ne/fThey were huge (at least tens of meters in diameters) and popped up 00over-night.[N]'Yv_\ gQASs| v^N/fNYKNz6qQQegv0ُ*NSP[[E N]~t+T@w NwS/f_vNS/f`HN6R Qegv0VdkC/fTv0C/fُHNv No one knew how or by whom they were made.l gNwS[N/fYUO6R Qegv _N NwS/f_v0 5. F0 Ne/f: Various scientific and pseudo-scientific explanations were put forward to explain the phenomenon. Some hold that they were left by alien spaceships. Others say that they are simply an elaborate prank.TyT7hvyf[vT*Oyf[ʑcNQegʑُNsa0 gv/fYfNv*Yzzޘ9Yu Nv0 gv[NS/fN|v@\0N;NvSU\eg ؏SN~~N NS S_6q_NSNbNdnweg0 yFhv/fdnN0N;NSU\eg_N/fޏ/v0 ,{ASN{ Obesity Causes Global Warming The list of ills attributable to obesity keeps growing: Last week, obese people were accused of causing global warming. This conclusion comes from Sheldon Jacobson of the University of Illinois, US, and a doctoral student, Laura McLay. Their study calculates how much extra gasoline is needed to haul fat Americans around. The answer, they say, is a billion gallons of gas per year. 00(1)00 There has been calls for taxes on junk food2 in recent years.02)00"We tax0cigarettes partly because of their health cost," Schmidt said. "Similarly, leading a lazy lifestyle0will end up costing taxpayers more." US political scientist Eric Oliver said his first instinct was to laugh at these gas and fast0food arguments. But such claims are getting attention. At the US Obesity Society's annual meeting, one person correlated obesity with car0accident deaths, and another correlated obesity with suicides.0(3)0 "The funny0thing was that everyone took it seriously," Oliver said. In a 1960s study, children were shown drawings of children with disabilities and without0them, and a drawing of an obese child. They were asked which they would want for a friend?00(4)00 Three researchers recently repeated the study using college students. Once again, almost no one, not even obese people, liked the obese person. "Obesity was stigmatized," the researchers0said. 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People struggle to stop smoking, and, in the end, many succeed. Obesity is different. But, not because obese people don't care. 00(5)___ Genes also play a part. ͋Gl Obese adj. րv haul/haul/v.Џ Correlate v. N& & vT| stigma n.OW TX stigmatize v.O lʑ 1. carbon dioxideN'lSx 2. junk food W>WߘT 3. cause-and-effect relationship VgsQ| ~`N A0A meager diet may keep you thin. B0It means an extra 11 million tons of carbon dioxide1. C0The obese child was picked last. D0US economist Martin Schmidt suggests a tax on fast food delivered to people's cars E0Science has shown that they have limited personal control over their weight. F0No one asked whether there was really a cause-and-effect relationship3. T{HhN 1. B ,{Nk0RSheldon Jacobson T Laura McLay (WNyxvz-N{N,dЏVրP[Nt^Ym10NRNv}ll0N@b~vُNSP[eg w S gB/fޏ/v0Bv/fIt means an extra 11 million tons of carbon dioxide.ُasT@wYeQNCSN~vN(TN'lSx0 2. D ,{ Nkv,{N*NSP[ sSzzWߘT_z0ُ/f*N;NS HNTbvSP[_^fwQSONp0DvfwQSO /fُHNv US economist Martin Schmidt suggests a tax on fast food delivered to people's cars.V~Nmf[[Martin Schmidt^[0Rf Nv__z0SY N;NSOvSU\eg w _NS gُ*NSP[gT0 3. F ,{Nk_Ye0R (WVրOSOvt^O N gNbfxy bv{kNߍրT|Nweg _N gNb@gߍրT|Nweg0NiR NvSP[eg w S gkXeQF/fޏ/v0Fv/fNo one asked whether there was really a cause-and-effect relationship.l gNN[NKN/f&TwckX[(WVgsQ|0 4. C ,{mQk;N/fN*NՋ HQ?Qz wN~;u ;ȗ gck8^Tkuv?Qz ؏ gN*N\րP[ TT*N\i[NN?aaZP gS0C/f[ُ*NTvVT{0C/fُHNv The obese child was picked last.gTcv/f\րP[0 5. E0gTNkv/fQߍbp NN7h (WN[ z^ NS0RWVvc6RgTN*NSP[ Vdk_0@bNS gE/fTv0E/fُHNvScience has shown that they havelimited personal control over their weight.yf[]~hf րP[]QNN/felc6RSO͑v0 ,{AS N{ The Value of Motherhood In shopping malls, the assistants try to push you into buying  a gift to thank her for her unselfish love . When you log onto1a website, a small pop-up2 invites you to book a bouquet for her. Commercial warmth and gratitude are the atmosphere being spread around for this special Sunday in May. 000(1)000The popularity of Mother's Day around the world suggests that Jarvis0got all she wanted. In fact, she got more - enough to make her horrified. 000(2)000They buy, among other things, 132 million cards. Mother's Day is the0No 1 holiday for flower purchases. Then there are the various commodities, ranging from0jewelry and clothes to cosmetics and washing powder, that take advantage of the promotion0opportunities. Because of this, Jarvis spent the last 40 years of her life trying to stop Mother's0Day. One protest against the commercialization of Mother's Day even got her arrested  for0disturbing the peace, interestingly. 000(3)000As Ralph Fevre, a reporter at the UK newspaper The Guardian,0observe, traditionally "motherhood is something that we do because we think it's right." But in0the logic of commercialism, people need something in exchange for their time and energy. A0career serves this purpose better. 000(4) 000So they work hard and play hard. Becoming a mother, however,0inevitably handicaps career anticipation. 000(5) 000According to The Guardian, there are twice as many child-free young0women as there were a generation ago. Or, they put off the responsibility of parenting until later0in their lives. So, Fevre writes that the meaning of celebrating Mother's Day needs to be updated: "It is to0persuade people that parenting is a good idea and to honor people for their attempt to be good people." ͋Gl motherhood n.k'` website n. Qz bouquet n. _g lʑ 1.0log onto {vU_0R0log onto a website {vU_0RN*NQz0 2.0pop-up 9_Q_܃US0a small pop-up invites you to book a bouquet for her.N _\v9_Q_܃US`O:NyYN_g0 ~`N A0The American version of Mother's Day was thought up as early as 1905, by Anna Jarvis, as a way of recognizing the real value of motherhood. B0But what's more, commercialism changes young people's attitude towards motherhood. 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A0show:>fQ tell: JTɋ state: H say: 0d shown KNY, told0stated bsaid kXeQTubvSP[/fv0 15. B0spouse:MvP fan:rpNUapartner:MvP mate:4OO0bNvNLuwƋJTɋbN NUON NS gpe~vNvMvP @bNS gfans/fTv b0 ,{ASN{ How a Terrible Battle helped to Change Europe Ninety years ago on a sunny morning in Northern France, something happened that changed Britain and Europe for ever. At half past seven on the morning of July 1, 1916, whistles blew and thousands of British soldiers left their positions to attack their German enemies. By the end of the day, 20,000 of them were dead, and another 30,000 wounded or missing. The Battle of the Somme, 1 it is called, lasted for six months1. When it ended, 125,000 British soldiers were dead. They had gained five kilometers of ground. This was one of a series of great battles during the WWI. The attack on the Somme was staged to relieve 2__ on the French, who were engaged in a great battle of their own at a place called Verdun. By the time the battle ended, over a million French and German troops had been killed. About 17 million people were killed in WWI. There have been wars with greater numbers of dead. But there has never been one 3 most of the dead were concentrated in such a small area. On the Somme battlefield, two men died for every meter of space. Local farmers working in the land still 4 the bodies of those who died in that battle. The dead of all nations were buried in a series of giant graveyards along the line of the border 5 France and Belgium. Relatives and descendants of those who died still visit these graveyards today. What the French call the "tourism of death" 6 an important contribution to the local economy. It took a second great conflict before Europe was to turn 7 war itself. Twenty-eight years after the Somme battle, a liberating army of British. American and Canadian troops took back 8 from another German invasion. More than 500,000 people were killed. New 9 were built. Two great conflicts across two generations helped to change the European mind about war. Germany, once the most warlike country in Europe, is now probably more in __ 10 of peace than any other. One major cause of war in Europe was rivalry between France and Germany. The European Union was specifically formed to end that 11 According to US commentator William Pfaff, "Europeans are interested in a slow development of civilized and tolerant international relations, 12 on problems while avoiding catastrophes along the way. They have themselves only recently 13 from the catastrophes of the WWI and WWII, when tens of millions of people were destroyed. They don't want 14 " The last British veteran of the Somme battle died in 2005, aged 108. And the WWI is passing out of memory and into history2. But for anyone who wants to understand how Europeans 15 , it is still important to know a little about the terrible events of July 1, 1916. ͋Gl descendant n.P[Y[ graveyard n. X0W rivalry n. zN catastrophe n. ~p lʑ 1. The battle of the Somme, as it is called, lasted for six months. "}Ylby_ 'Y[ُHNS ۏLNmQ*Ng0 2. And the WWI is passing out of memory and into history. ,{N!kNLu'Ybck(WNbNv_-Nm1Y ܏ybN S0 1. A) since B) because C) as D) for 2. A) oppression B) anxiety C) pressure D) resistance 3. A) which B) where C) why D) that 4. A) find B) look for C) seek D) look at 5. A) among B) on C) in D) between 6. A) makes B) brings C) gives D) adds 7. A) into B) to C) in D) against 8. A) America B) Britain C) Canada0D) France 9. A) monuments0B) graveyards C) tablets D) gravestones 10. A) hatred B) suspicion C) favor D) fear 11. A) war B) rivalry C) battle D) revenge 12. A) compromising B) confronting C) attacking D) fighting 13. A) restored B) recovered C) rebuilt D) relaxed 14. A) much B) many C) more D) less 15. A) believe B) consider C) know D) think T{HhN 1. C0since:V:N because:V:N as:sQ|N͋for: V:N0since, becauseTforkXeQTubvSVrߍ;NSva` NOS ` gkXeQasSP[vaINbz0AsvS_Nwhich0 2. C0oppression:S anxiety: _Qpressure:SR resistance: bb0勘v/fSR"}Ylby_vvv/f:NNNHNSN wQ ^/f㉋SR0@bN pressure/fgTv0 3. B0which:TN*N where:(WT̑why::NNHNthat:sQ|N͋0HQL͋oneI{None war. ُ?Qv/f (W"}Ylby_-N {kSN_YN Vdk(uwhere bin which0 4. A0find:~b0Rlook for:~bseek:~blook at: w0dNfindvR\O/f g~pvY look for, seekTlook at l g ُN͋_NSZP;mRR͋0;Nawork _N/f;mRR͋0SP[-NQQsN*N;mRR͋ SP[va`^8^S*`0@bNfind/fcknxv y 5. D0among(W& & -Non: (W& & Nbin:(W& & ̑bbetween: (W& & KN0LuN,X[(WN$NVKN Vdk(ubetween0 6. A0make.6R bring:&^give:~add:R0 to make contributions to ZPQ!.s0ُ/f*NV[v͋~0te*NSP[v/flVN@bv {kNKNe [S_0Wv~NmZPQN͑v!.s0 7. D0into: ۏeQ to: ۏin:(W& & ̑bagainst:S[0dkY(u against0te*NSP[v/f'k2m,gwegS[bN/f(W~Ǐ,{N!k'Yĉ!jv[bKNT0 8. D0America:VBritain:VCanada:Rb'YFrance: lV0lV(WNb_YT NEN1\_V`S (WNbvTg vQ(Wf^{vF lVMb_0R>e0VT{ُSSNPRNNLuwƋ0vQ[ N Nea liberating army of Britain, America and Canadian troops(-NV0V0VTRb'Y N[~bvN/e>eQ)bN_NSNcQTv b/fFrance0 9. B0monument:~_xgraveyard:X0Wtablet:wx gravestone: Xx0S{kNNASYNN YUOYnُN{kSvN>f6q^evX0W0@bN graveyards0 10. C0hatred:h`suspicion: `u favor:i``fear[`0in favor of:/ec0/fV[vh_0 11. B0war:bNrivalry:zNbattle:berevenge:b Y0;Nazze~g0 repair g[ Vdk N/fcknxv b0recover 8^ߍfrom0 @bN recovered /f[v0 14. C0much:Ymany:Y morefY less:f\0 Ne0R$N!kbN-N{kNQNN >f6qNN N`{kfYvN Vdk(umore0 15. D0believe: vO assume: GP know: wS think: `0S gkXeQthinkte*NSP[/fޏ/v0 ,{ASV{ Think as a Hacker Does At the brand-new Hacker Academy in Chicago, US, students learn about phishing schemes1, firewall breaches, and advanced tricks for breaking into confidential documents and revealing passwords2. But it's not nearly as illegal as it sounds. The academy doesn't teach people to be l __, but to "think like hackers" - and hopefully to stay one step ahead of 2 The students are 3 computer security professionals. They attend a course that teaches them the tools and techniques that hackers could use to get 4 systems they're trying to protect. They 5 a certificate in "ethical hacking3'' if they graduate. The academy is one of the growing number of organizations that teach IT4 security experts to think like their enemies and to find holes in their systems __ 6 the hackers do. "If you can think like a hacker, you're able to 7 some of the attacks that are happening," said Aaron Cohen, the academy's founder. Those attacks can range from indiscriminate viruses to corporate spying and efforts to gain sensitive data 8 banks, credit card companies, or individuals. Computer Economics, a US IT research firm, estimates the 9 caused by viruses and other attacks in 2006 to be somewhere around US$14 billion. "While the massive viruses seem to be __ 10 in number, there are more targeted attacks," said Mark McManus of Computer Economics. With ransom attacks, for instance, hackers will break into a company's network, and threaten to destroy it or give information to a competitor 11 they're not paid. Given all the threats, many companies are sending IT professionals to courses like those Cohen offers. So the "ethical hacker" certification, offered by the New York-based International Council of Electronic Commerce Consultants (the EC-Council), __ 12 about. The EC-Council says it has trained about 20,000 people in 60 countries over the past three years, with 8,000 of them passing a __ 13 and earning the "ethical hacker" certification. Cohen's list of interested people includes an FBI5 agent, NASA6 employees, independent consultants, and company IT security directors. Some want the five-day on-site certification course. Others want a quick overview, like the US$ 695 "midnight hacking" course, given online and late at 14 Cohen doesn't 15 much about students using their courses for evil purposes."Hackers don't need our help," says Cohen. ͋Gl hacker n.ў[ phishing n. Q~:kȋ breach n.z4x confidential adj. :g[v ethical adj.TNNS_v indiscriminate adj. NR:SRv ransom v. & n. :kȋ lʑ 1. learn about phishing schemes f[`NQ~:kȋ 2. breaking into confidential documents and revealing passwords eQy[eN Sb_[x 3. ethical hackerTNNS_ĉvў[ 4. IT Oo`b/g 5. FBI VTg@\ 6. NASA VV[*zz*)Y@\ ~`N 1. A) professors B) hackers C) scientists D) technicians 2. A) her B) him C) us D) them 3. A) actually B) hardly C) scarcely D) rarely 4. A) over B) onto C) for D) into 5. A) give B) award C) get D) take 6. A) before B) after C) when D) while 7. A) protect B) defend C) safeguard D) prevent 8. A) at B) in C) from D) on 9. A) money B) damage C) cash D) interest 10. A) rising B) soaring C) reducing D) flying 11. A) if B) unless C) since D) because 12. A) went B) came C) appeared D) happened 13. A) exam B) check C) test D) investigation 14. A) noon B) dusk C) dawn D) night 15. A) think B) worry C) doubt D) consider T{HhN 1. B0professor: Yec hackerў[ scientist: yf[[ technician: b/gXT0,gev;N/fў[0cv/fў[f[XT'Y[Pў[7h`` NYeNNNHNVT{^/f NYeNNb:Nў[0VdkcknxvT{Hh^/fhacker0 2. 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